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Berges Textbooks
Berges Textbooks
A Berges student

Berges Institute SLU

Founded in 2013 in NYC. Headquartered in Madrid, Spain.

Review

This unit summarizes the main points covered so far. Go over them until you know them to the point where you could explain them to someone else.

Pronouns

yo, tú, él / ella / usted, nosotros / nosotras, (vosotros / vosotras), ellos / ellas / ustedes

Usted and ustedes are formal. They mean you, but they are conjugated in third person. We usually omit the subject pronoun, since the verb ending already tells us who the subject is: estoy triste instead of yo estoy triste.

Ser and estar

Ser is for identity: traits, origin and professions. Estar is for states and location.

Laura es simpática. John es de España. María es secretaria.

Pedro está cansado. Madrid está en España.

To make a sentence negative, we place no right before the verb: Yo no soy alto. Ellos no están en España.

Nouns, articles and adjectives

Nouns have gender and number. We learn them with their article: el piano, la guitarra. For the plural, we add -s, or -es after a consonant.

el / la / los / las (the)

un / una / unos / unas (a / some)

In Spanish, generic nouns at the beginning of a sentence need an article: Los gatos son graciosos.

Adjectives match the noun in gender and number, and they usually go after it: la guitarra roja, los pianos rojos. Some adjectives are neutral for gender: azul, grande, feliz, triste.

Possessive determiners go before the noun: mi, tu, su, nuestro / nuestra, vuestro / vuestra, su. They take -s when more than one thing is possessed: mis carros, nuestras casas. There is no 's in Spanish: we say la casa de Juan.

Questions

qué, dónde, cuándo, cómo, quién, cuánto, por qué, cuál

Before ser, we use cuál (plural cuáles) to ask for a piece of information: ¿Cuál es tu color favorito? We use qué to ask for a definition: ¿Qué es un piano? Cuánto matches the noun in gender and number: ¿Cuántas sillas hay en tu sala? Questions open with an inverted ¿ (and exclamations with ¡), and question words carry an accent (´) on their strong syllable. With ir, we often use adónde: ¿Adónde vas los lunes?

Verbs in the present tense

Irregular verbs to know by heart: ser, estar, tener, ir and hacer.

For regular verbs, we drop the ending of the infinitive and add the ending for each person:

-ar: -o, -as, -a, -amos, (-áis), -an

-er: -o, -es, -e, -emos, (-éis), -en

-ir: -o, -es, -e, -imos, (-ís), -en

We use the present tense for habits and facts: Los martes trabajo en mi casa. Mi primo es de Boston.

Hay means both there is and there are: Hay un piano. Hay unos pianos.

Objects and the personal a

The subject does the action and the object receives it. When the object is a person or a pet, we place a right after the verb: Amo a María. María llama a Jorge.

Reflexive verbs

The infinitive ends in -se. We conjugate the verb as usual and add the reflexive pronoun before it:

me, te, se, nos, (os), se

Me levanto a las siete de la mañana cada día. Laura se maquilla y se peina. Normalmente nos acostamos a las diez de la noche.

For the negative, no goes before the pronoun: Yo no me ducho por la mañana. Acostarse and dormirse change O to UE (me acuesto, me duermo), except with nosotros and vosotros. Vestirse (me visto) and ponerse (me pongo) are irregular.

Gustar

The thing we like is the subject, and we are the object: me gusta for one thing, me gustan for more than one.

(a mí) me, (a ti) te, (a él / a ella / a usted) le, (a nosotros / a nosotras) nos, (a vosotros / a vosotras) (os), (a ellos / a ellas / a ustedes) les

Me gustan las manzanas. Me gusta cantar. A mi hermano no le gusta la pizza.

We use a before a name or a noun, the infinitive for activities, and the definite article for generic nouns.

Prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions

de (from / of), en (in / on / at), a (to), con (with), sin (without)

A + el = al: Voy al parque. De goes with ser for origin, and en goes with estar for location.

Para is for purpose or destination, and with an infinitive it means in order to: La falda es para María. Voy a la escuela para aprender. Por is for duration or exchange: Estoy en Nueva York por siete días. Compro un vestido por veinte euros. After a preposition, yo becomes mí and tú becomes ti: para mí, para ti.

Mucho and poco are adverbs after a verb (Eva canta mucho) and determiners before a noun, matching it (muchas ventanas). Bueno and malo go with nouns, bien and mal go with verbs. Muy (very) is an adverb: Yo estoy muy cansado. The conjunctions y (and), o (or) and pero (but) connect words or sentences: Juan está enojado o cansado.

Days, time and numbers

Days of the week are not capitalized. On Mondays is los lunes; only sábado and domingo take -s in the plural.

¿Qué hora es? Es la una. Son las nueve y diecisiete. Son las dos y media. Son las siete y cuarto.

¿A qué hora desayunas? Desayuno a las siete de la mañana.

We don't use am or pm. With a specific time we say de la mañana, de la tarde, de la noche. Without one, we say por la mañana, por la tarde, por la noche.

From 0 to 30, each number is a single word: dieciséis, veintiuno, treinta. From 31 on, we combine them: treinta y uno, cuarenta y tres, and so on up to cien. For age, we use tener: Yo tengo treinta años.

Vocabulary to review

Family members, colors, common adjectives, the house, body parts, clothes, places, time expressions, and the nouns and regular verb lists.

Progress, Vol. 1
Progress, all volumes
Spaced repetition

Cramming works for tomorrow's test but not for long-term retention. Spreading your study sessions out over days and weeks is far more effective than covering everything in one sitting.

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